What is the necessary condition for refuting allegations of batching in patrol speeds?

The necessary condition for refuting allegations of batching in patrol speeds is grounded in the understanding of how radar or lidar devices record and interpret speed data during enforcement activities. "Gradual" pacing implies that speed readings are consistent and reported steadily over time.

When speed enforcement relies on the concept of "batching," it is suggested that an officer may average several speed readings to present a single enforcement action as more accurate or legitimate than it truly is. To counter this argument, a demonstration of gradual speed changes, where speed readings increase or decrease in a flowing manner rather than showing abrupt or significant shifts, becomes essential. This supports the argument that the speed measurements are based on direct observation rather than averaged over time, which could falsely represent the vehicle's actual speed.

In contrast, instantaneous readings represent speed at a single moment but may not provide the context of whether there were fluctuating readings. Intermediate could indicate some level of consistency but does not clearly define the continuous and smooth nature of speed that subverts allegations of batching. Erratic speed changes could enhance the argument for batching by showcasing a lack of steady speed measurement, leading to less credibility in speed enforcement claims.

Thus, the concept of gradual speed measurements effectively dispels claims of batching and underlines the reliability of